{"id":4439,"date":"2026-05-25T14:01:26","date_gmt":"2026-05-25T12:01:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geopolitics.fr\/?p=4439"},"modified":"2026-05-25T14:31:38","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T12:31:38","slug":"the-trump-monroe-doctrine-and-american-rehegemony-over-the-western-hemisphere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.geopolitics.fr\/en\/2026\/05\/25\/la-doctrine-donroe-trump-et-la-rehegemonie-americaine-sur-lhemisphere-ouest\/","title":{"rendered":"The \u00abMonroe Doctrine\u00bb: Trump and American re-hegemony over the Western Hemisphere\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Emergence of the \u00abDonroe\u00bb doctrine\u00bb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

He liked the element of surprise. On the night of 3 January, US Southern Command forces, in coordination with special forces elements, entered Venezuelan territory to capture Nicol\u00e1s Maduro. He was in his residence in Fuerte Tiuna, the Caracas military complex that he believed was impregnable. He was transferred to New York, where a federal indictment for drug trafficking and crimes against humanity awaited him. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The operation, as brutal as it was symbolic, propelled onto the global stage a concept exhumed from dusty archives. Standing in front of the Fox News cameras, Trump pronounced the word with undisguised satisfaction. He declared: \u00abThe Monroe Doctrine is a great thing, but we have largely moved beyond it.\u00bb And he immediately coined the phrase that now sums up his entire geopolitical vision: the Donroe Doctrine. This narcissistic contraction of his first name and the isolationist policy formulated by President James Monroe in 1823, in order to keep European powers out of the Western Hemisphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The National Security Strategy published a few weeks earlier had already laid the doctrinal foundations.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The administration calls it the \u00abTrump Corollary\u00bb. This is an explicit reference to the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary, which had extended the Monroe Doctrine, going as far as claiming for the United States a right of military intervention in the internal affairs of Latin American states deemed to be failing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Version actualis\u00e9e, agressive et ouvertement militaris\u00e9e de cette tradition imp\u00e9riale, le Trump Corollary affirme que le continent am\u00e9ricain constitue une sph\u00e8re d’influence exclusive des \u00c9tats-Unis. Toute pr\u00e9sence \u00e9conomique, politique ou militaire chinoise ou russe doit \u00eatre proscrite non par n\u00e9gociation, mais par la contrainte directe. Ce n’est pas une rh\u00e9torique pour galerie int\u00e9rieure : c’est un programme d’action structur\u00e9. Washington a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 le mettre en \u0153uvre avec une coh\u00e9rence m\u00e9thodique, pays par pays, institution par institution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuba is currently the focus of attention and concernsee https:\/\/www.geopolitics.fr\/2026\/05\/20\/apres-liran-cuba-la-prochaine-cible-de-donald-trump\/)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In the political imagination of the Trump-Rubio team, the island represents far more than a geopolitical dispute. It is a generational obsession, a symbolic debt owed to the exiles of Miami. Their votes have built the careers of several prominent members of the administration. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the beginning of May, Trump has signed an executive order imposing economic sanctions of a severity that not even the coldest period of the Cold War had reached. Included is a formidable innovation borrowed from the model of secondary sanctions applied to Iran. Thus, any European, Asian or Latin American foreign bank maintaining trade relations with the Cuban government faces total banishment from the US financial system. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is an economic nuclear weapon: it doesn't just target Cuba, it forces third parties to choose between Havana and Wall Street. The result is indisputable. The pressure is both economic and psychological. It is designed to produce a panicky effect within Cuban ruling circles. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En r\u00e9ponse, des centaines de milliers de Cubains ont d\u00e9fil\u00e9 dans les rues de La Havane, devant l’ambassade am\u00e9ricaine. Une d\u00e9monstration de r\u00e9sistance populaire que le r\u00e9gime de D\u00edaz-Canel a imm\u00e9diatement r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 son profit. Washington lui offrant sur un plateau l’ennemi ext\u00e9rieur dont tout r\u00e9gime autoritaire en difficult\u00e9 a besoin pour se souder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Washington's geopolitical logic is actually more elaborate than it appears at first sight. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

By overthrowing Maduro, the United States cut off Cuba's main supplier of subsidised oil. For two decades, Chavista Venezuela had been supplying between 50,000 and 100,000 barrels a day on preferential terms, as well as a crucial source of foreign currency and logistical support. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The island, already economically suffocated by forty years of failing centralised planning and by the pandemic which destroyed its tourism sector, finds itself doubly vulnerable. Some economists in Barcelona or Mexico City, home to a growing intellectual Cuban diaspora, describe it as pre-collapse. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le secr\u00e9taire d’\u00c9tat Rubio, fils d’immigr\u00e9s cubains de Cienfuegos et principal architecte de cette politique au sein de l’administration, c’est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment le but. Pr\u00e9cipiter par la combinaison de l’effondrement \u00e9conomique interne et de la pression externe maximale ce que soixante ans de pressions directes, d’embargo, d’op\u00e9rations secr\u00e8tes et de tentatives d’assassinat n’ont pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 provoquer. La chute du r\u00e9gime issu de la r\u00e9volution castriste est l’objectif. La question qui reste enti\u00e8re, que ses adversaires posent avec insistance, est celle de l’apr\u00e8s. Si le r\u00e9gime s’effondre, que se passe-t-il ? Qui gouverne ? Avec quel ordre, quelle l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9, quelle capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9viter le chaos ha\u00eftien \u00e0 150 kilom\u00e8tres des c\u00f4tes de Floride ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, while the \u00abMonroe Doctrine\u00bb finds its most visible expression in the Western hemisphere, it does not deploy exclusively there. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It is now articulated around a post-war Iranian strategy which is, in many respects, its global extension. The same philosophy of maximum pressure, the same conviction that brutal coercion yields results more quickly than patient negotiation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following the February strikes and the April ceasefire, Trump has initiated a sequence of coercion against Tehran that structurally mirrors the Cuba model. It combines secondary sanctions against all of Iran's trading partners, a reinforced financial blockade, and repeated threats to resume military strikes if Mojtaba Khamenei does not commit to direct nuclear negotiations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The stated objective is of maximum ambition, some would say disproportionate: to force the new Iranian leadership to negotiate a comprehensive agreement. This would include the definitive and verifiable abandonment of all enrichment capacity, the implicit recognition of Israel, an end to the financing of Hezbollah and pro-Iranian militias in Iraq, as well as a gradual normalisation of relations with the Gulf states. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Behind the scenes, American emissaries, some from Qatari business circles close to Jared Kushner, have stepped up discreet contacts with factions of the Iranian establishment deemed pragmatic. These include technocrats from the Ministry of Petroleum, members of the Expediency Discernment Council, and officials from the Central Bank. Washington is betting on a bold thesis. The new Supreme Leader, Mojtaba Khamenei\u2014young, lacking his father's religious capital and political network, and faced with a ruined economy and a visibly weary population\u2014would structurally be more receptive to a negotiated exit from the crisis. Tehran, for its part, publicly refuses any discussion under military coercion, whilst not ruling out, according to several consistent regional diplomatic sources, indirect contact via Oman, a traditional channel of proven diplomatic discretion since the 1980s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump thinks in terms of pure power dynamics and short timeframes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

His predecessors used the carrot and the stick while integrating moral, multilateral and long-term considerations,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This dual strategy, maximum economic pressure on Cuba and Venezuela in the Western hemisphere, combined military-diplomatic coercion on Iran in the Middle East, reveals doctrinal coherence. His opponents are quick to challenge it but struggle to completely invalidate it. He wields only the stick, banking on the adversary tiring quickly and on his own ability to hold out politically until the pressure takes effect. It is a method that can potentially produce short-term results. The capitulation of exhausted regimes, the signing of agreements under duress are conceivable. But, in the medium and long term, this generates lasting political antibodies. Coalitions of resistance and invigorated anti-Americanism are formed in societies that might otherwise evolve in a direction favourable to Washington.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

International reactions ranging from condemnation to reconfiguration <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

President Petro's Colombia, Lula's Brazil, and Claudia Sheinbaum's Mexico are openly condemning<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

They condemn a return to big stick imperialism and take the debate to the United Nations with undeniable rhetorical success. Nevertheless, they know their capacity for action is limited in the face of American power. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

China is watching with particularly close strategic attention<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

These developments explicitly exclude it from regions where it has invested heavily for two decades. In Latin America via the Belt and Road Initiative, in port infrastructure, in energy networks. And in the Middle East via cooperation agreements with Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Emirates. Beijing has not responded publicly to the \u00abDonroe Doctrine\u00bb, but its diplomats are stepping up visits to Latin American capitals. Its think tanks are publishing analyses that describe a historic shift in the world order from which China intends to benefit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

And in several capitals, the same resentment is rising, dense and enduring: that of nations and peoples who refuse to be treated as variables to be adjusted in the power equation of an America that still believes it alone governs the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Western hemisphere and the Middle East thus find themselves, for the first time since the Cold War, at the heart of the same strategic sequence <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Elle est unifi\u00e9e par une doctrine coh\u00e9rente vue de Washington. Mais cette coh\u00e9rence porte en elle ses propres contradictions. En effet, \u00e0 trop vouloir simultan\u00e9ment dominer deux th\u00e9\u00e2tres \u00e9loign\u00e9s, imposer sa loi \u00e0 des r\u00e9gimes r\u00e9calcitrants sur trois continents, et exclure la Chine d’espaces o\u00f9 elle est d\u00e9j\u00e0 profond\u00e9ment enracin\u00e9e, on prend le risque de disperser sa puissance jusqu’\u00e0 en \u00e9puiser l’effet de levier. La doctrine Monroe originelle avait au moins la vertu de la modestie g\u00e9ographique. La \u00ab Doctrine Donroe \u00bb, elle, n’a pas de fronti\u00e8res et c’est peut-\u00eatre l\u00e0 son talon d’Achille le plus profond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Emergence of the \u00abDonroe\u00bb doctrine He liked the element of surprise. 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