{"id":2179,"date":"2024-01-29T10:50:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-29T09:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geopolitics.fr\/?p=2179"},"modified":"2024-03-26T21:57:41","modified_gmt":"2024-03-26T20:57:41","slug":"will-the-water-war-take-place","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.geopolitics.fr\/en\/2024\/01\/29\/la-guerre-de-leau-aura-t-elle-lieu\/","title":{"rendered":"Will the water war take place?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Freshwater on the planet is becoming increasingly scarce. Climate change and poor management of the \u00abblue gold\u00bb resource could well lead to <\/strong>numerous global problems. The widening of inequalities between populations, the development of geopolitical conflicts, severe economic disruptions, including the imminent privatisation of water resources, would be the gloomy agenda for our shared future, if nothing changes.  <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Back in 2019, UN figures were already warning of an increasingly concerning context. Experts now state that by 2030, water scarcity will affect nearly 40 % of the global population. Still according to the UN, \u00abthe metropolitan areas of Cape Town, Karachi and Casablanca are already threatened by what is known as \u00abDay Zero\u00bb, the day when water will no longer flow from the tap... Along with Mexico City, Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, Rome and London in the longer term.\u00bb<\/em> This is a serious warning against water stress specific to major cities that spend too much water resources without replenishing stocks. Agriculture, which is very demanding in terms of water, represents the most problematic sector for the management of this resource. This is a major drawback that particularly affects developing countries like Morocco, where agriculture remains an essential activity. The poorest populations in these regions are reportedly already the first victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation in Morocco<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Confront\u00e9 \u00e0 une forte pression due au changement climatique, le Royaume se trouve aujourd’hui dans une situation pr\u00e9occupante. Un rapport r\u00e9cent du minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Equipement et de l\u2019Eau, a rappel\u00e9 l’importance de faire \u00e9voluer les perspectives face \u00e0 une s\u00e9cheresse qui devrait augmenter progressivement au Maroc jusqu\u2019en 2050, sous l\u2019effet d\u2019une baisse de la pluviom\u00e9trie (-11\u00a0%) et d\u2019une augmentation des temp\u00e9ratures (+1,3\u00a0\u00b0C). Heureusement, le Maroc n’est pas d\u00e9muni face aux d\u00e9r\u00e8glements naturels. Pionnier dans le domaine de la pr\u00e9vention, tous les efforts sont men\u00e9s depuis plusieurs d\u00e9cennies. La lutte contre la s\u00e9cheresse se traduit ici essentiellement en termes de construction de barrages, d’exploration de nouveaux gisements d’eau souterraine, de traitement des eaux us\u00e9es en vue de leur r\u00e9utilisation et de la pr\u00e9servation des nappes phr\u00e9atiques. Enfin, plusieurs fois report\u00e9e, la construction de stations de dessalement de l’eau devrait \u00eatre imminente. En effet, le projet figure actuellement parmi les objectifs prioritaires du ministre. \u00ab\u00a0Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses deux fa\u00e7ades maritimes, le Maroc a fait des progr\u00e8s significatifs dans le domaine des \u00e9nergies renouvelables, tant solaires qu’\u00e9oliennes, qui devront permettre de dessaler l’eau \u00e0 moindre co\u00fbt\u00a0\u00bb, explique celui-ci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Faced with drought, innovation and new technologies therefore have an important role to play. Morocco has distinguished itself through the development of its Al-Ghait project, which involves artificial weather modification through cloud seeding. Morocco's expertise in this field is recognised. Consequently, Moroccan experts are frequently called upon in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in countries suffering from prolonged periods of drought (Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea, etc.). Burkina Faso was the first country to benefit from Morocco's support in carrying out cloud seeding operations. As a reminder: \u00abThe method consists of injecting artificial condensation nuclei into the cloud<\/em>, explained weather expert Abdalah Mokssit. But this technique only works under certain conditions: \u00abYou need clouds, of course, but above all a certain type of cloud. The clouds we are interested in are those that are already heavy enough to be likely to precipitate. It is not enough for there to be clouds in the sky to carry out seeding.\u00bb<\/em>. To bolster the arsenal against drought, the most promising project for the future lies in the construction of water desalination plants, a venture that could benefit a Morocco with 3,500 km of coastline to exploit. This is a projection that likely forms part of a broader drive for overall independence regarding water \u00abharvesting\u00bb, at a time when water is becoming the world's most coveted resource.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geopolitical tensions are increasing<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 2010, the UN declared access to safe drinking water a fundamental right: \u00abThe right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation is a human right, essential for the full enjoyment of the right to life.<\/em> As blue gold has become a scarce commodity, there was an urgent need to enable better balancing of water management policies worldwide. However, recent years have not failed to worry specialists, who have noted a clear increase in disputes and tensions linked to the distribution of this natural resource. For its part, the United Nations world report records a significant rise in the number of geopolitical conflicts linked to water. Specialists nevertheless welcome the single, fine example of a historic agreement around the Senegal River. The river is managed by an independent body, and the 4 riparian countries (Guinea, Senegal, Mali and Mauritania) are therefore co-owners of the infrastructure, sharing both costs and benefits according to a distribution key. This independent structure helps maintain harmonious management of the river's resource, distributed across the various border countries. Apart from this happy exception, the challenge remains huge: in future, the aim will be to defuse the increasingly numerous disagreements over precious water, which has become an instrument of power in the hands of better-endowed countries than others. Alas, the situation is not expected to improve anytime soon. By 2030, water demand could be 40 % higher than the planet's availability, according to World Bank projections, for which the causes of this sharp upcoming shortage must nevertheless be put into perspective. Indeed, according to this body, \u00abdevelopment problems or conflicts arising from difficulties in accessing water are issues of resource management rather than resource availability. These problems take various forms depending on the situations in question: they may involve a lack of investment in infrastructure to improve access to water, a lack of cooperation in the transboundary management of water resources, or wastefulness in the various uses of the resource.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The financial markets for blue gold<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Now new capitalist theories are gaining ground. Mike Young, an Australian economist, is the pioneer of the theory of selling water on markets. As fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce, the economist insists: \u00abThis resource must be managed in the most optimal way possible. The only way to regulate this optimality is through the markets. Markets thus make it possible to influence water consumption while promoting the competitive market.<\/em> Today, the stock market flotation of short-term water contracts is already underway and points to a frightening future, based on the privatisation of water as the new black gold of the 21st century. Despite everything, certain economists are fighting for free access and against the commodification of this essential resource, arguing that the planet's resources are limited and therefore that growth, as it is promoted today, is under threat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0It was in November 2002 that the International Criminal Court (ICC) officially defended the right to water for all. Already holding jurisdiction over crimes against humanity and serious violations of international humanitarian law, the body finally imposed a new status on fresh water, which was recognised as one of the fundamental human rights. This was enshrined in the General Comment on the Right to Water, adopted by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), which itself has been ratified by 145 countries. Yet certain regions have defied these good intentions. Water has already become a financial product in the UK, Australia and the United States. Alas, it is no longer at all certain that tomorrow, water will remain that \u00abuntouchable heritage of humanity\u00bb that we all so fervently hope for. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Val\u00e9rie Morales Attias is a resident in Morocco, a journalist and author, and she teaches at the \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure de Journalisme in Paris.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Freshwater on the planet is becoming increasingly scarce. Climate disruption and poor management of the resource...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":2180,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-international"],"yoast_head":"\nLa guerre de l'eau aura-t-elle lieu ? | Geopolitics.fr<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geopolitics.fr\/en\/2024\/01\/29\/will-the-water-war-take-place\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La guerre de l'eau aura-t-elle lieu ?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"L’eau douce sur la plan\u00e8te se fait de plus en plus rare. 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